The Republic of Rwanda is grappling with its first outbreak of the Marburg virus disease (MVD), a rare but severe viral hemorrhagic fever similar to Ebola. As of October 10, 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 58 confirmed cases, including 13 fatalities, marking a case fatality ratio of 22%. The outbreak has primarily been associated with hospitals in Kigali, the nation's capital.
The Marburg virus, transmitted to humans from fruit bats and spread through human-to-human contact, poses a significant health threat due to its high mortality rate. "Marburg virus disease is one of the deadliest known human diseases," stated a WHO official. "On average, half of those infected succumb to the illness, with some outbreaks witnessing fatality rates as high as 88%."
Symptoms of MVD begin abruptly, often with high fever, severe headache, and malaise. By the third day, patients may experience severe watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, and vomiting. A maculopapular rash, most prominent on the trunk, can appear around the fifth day. In severe cases, bleeding from various body parts may occur.
Preventive measures are crucial in controlling the spread of the virus. Health experts emphasize the importance of avoiding contact with body fluids of infected individuals and contaminated objects. Healthcare workers are advised to practice strict infection control measures, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gowns, masks, goggles, and gloves.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been actively supporting Rwanda's Ministry of Health by deploying scientists to assist with the outbreak response. "Our team is working closely with Rwandan authorities to strengthen surveillance, improve infection prevention, and support recovered patients," said a CDC spokesperson.
While no cases have been reported outside Rwanda, the risk of international spread remains a concern. The CDC continues to engage with global public health partners to ensure readiness should the virus cross borders.
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